Udc universal decimal classification standard edition

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Theology Military affairs. Folklore 5 Mathematics and natural sciences 6 Applied sciences. Technology 7 The arts. Sport UDC is an indexing and retrieval language for classifying information on all subjects and in all forms. It was first published, in French, from to During the period UDC has been extensively revised and amended.

This edition is published under general licence from the UDCC, whose Executive Committee authorizes editions in various languages and at various levels of inclusiveness. This edition corresponds to what was previously known as the 'medium' edition and appears in two volumes, of which this is Volume 1 - Systematic tables.

The alphabetical subject index constitutes Volume 2. The latter include notes, cross-references, instructions for synthesizing and examples of compound notation obtained.

Class description can be extended with other concepts that are included in the class; in this edition the word 'Including' is replaced by the symbol D square. It should be noted that synthesis is available to the user wherever it results in a meaningful combination, and the compound numbers shown are only examples from a potentially vast number.

In this edition, examples are indented and they are preceded by the symbol O diamond. Sample entry layout class description.

Industries based on the processing of by-products of slaughtering carcass by-products. Use the. Special auxiliary tables, usually placed at the beginning of the main class in which they are valid, are marked with a vertical line to the left of the class number.

Summary of symbols In addition to the UDC notation, including the signs in Tables la to lk, the used following symbols are used in this edition:. It is possible that some proprietary names occur in this publication.

No reflections on their legal status, either by the British Standards Institution or by any of its cooperating organizations, are intended, and none should be inferred from this publication. Many place names are included.

The names used, the selection and sequence of regions, descriptive expressions and relations implied by the numeric hierarchy do not constitute any endorsement of their national or international status either by the British Standards Institution or by any of its cooperating organizations. No opinions about any of these matters should be inferred from this publication. Aida was not only able to provide invaluable advice during the development stages of this new edition but also committed a tremendous amount of time and effort in editing the proofs.

Thanks are also due to Rich Cutler from Helius for all his technical expertise. Dewey's scheme was developed and used in the library of Amherst College, Massachusetts, and first published in The first edition, entitled 'Classification and subject index', was brief, with its ten pages of tables containing headings, and lacked some of the features later associated with the scheme it was not called decimal, and contained no decimal fractions ; nor was the order of subjects particularly innovatory, deriving from a tradition going back to the Paris booksellers of the seventeenth century; but it still contained the beginnings of a system that was to prove immensely serviceable and influential.

Later, the three-digit minimum and the decimal point after the third digit were introduced, the scheme was expanded in successive editions, and its use spread rapidly throughout the USA and then in other English-speaking countries. It played an important part in establishing the norm of a systematic code denoting the subject as a primary means of arranging and retrieving literature in libraries grouping together works on similar subjects, irrespective of marks identifying individual documents.

Under the aegis of the newly founded Institut International de Bibliographie IIB in Brussels, Otlet and his collaborator Henry La Fontaine were working on the projected Universal Bibliographic Repertory, which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published information. A means of arranging the entries would be needed, and Otlet, having heard of Dewey's Decimal Classification, now in its fifth edition , had obtained a copy and been deeply impressed by it.

He wrote to Melvil Dewey in and obtained permission to translate it into French. Otlet and La Fontaine saw in Decimal Classification a taxonomy of human knowledge that could be expressed 'in an international language - that of numbers'; they saw too that, because of the extensibility of decimal numbers, it could readily accommodate the detail needed for bibliographic rather than strictly library use.

The idea outgrew the plan of mere translation, and a number of radical innovations were made, adapting the purely enumerative classification in which all the subjects envisaged are already listed and coded into one which allows for synthesis that is, the construction of compound numbers to denote interrelated subjects that could never be exhaustively foreseen ; various possible relations between subjects were identified, and symbols assigned to represent them.

This synthetic principle meant that a level of detail could be obtained much greater than what was actually displayed in the published scheme: higher precision combined with economy of presentation. It contained about 33 subdivisions.

It was in fact the first edition of UDC. It was published from to , and by now had over 70 subdivisions. The Universal Bibliographic Repertory, the impetus for the scheme, was proving unmanageable, and this edition was now offered independently under the title 'Classification Decimale Universelle', the name by which in various translations it is still known.

This edition became the master version of UDC, and remained so until , when a new database became the authoritative source; from to the second French edition, as modified and augmented by approved amendments collected in various supplements and later in the serial Extensions and Corrections to the UDC, was the official source for allUDC editions. A third edition, the first in German, was next begun, under the editorship of Carl Walther, and published from to ; this was probably double the size of the second, about subdivisions.

Bradford , who was keeper of the Science Museum Library from to , and responsible for its adoption of UDC in It was in fact an abridged edition about subdivisions with emphasis on science and technology. Work was also under way on a translation of the still authoritative second French edition, and this was to be the beginning of a fourth full edition of UDC, the first in English.

At their request, the British Standards Institution BSI assumed responsibility for publishing UDC, and, after issuing slightly corrected versions of the existing parts in , continued to produce English editions in the BS series.

In , acting on the recommendations of the specially formed Task Force for UDC System Development, it held talks with several UDC publishers about restructuring the finance, management and maintenance of the scheme to ensure its future into the next century. Its first priority was the creation of a database of 60 entries, known as the Master Reference File MRF , which was completed in the spring of and is now the authoritative statement of the content of UDC.

The former full editions totalling about entries remain valid. The official language of the Consortium is English. The Master Reference File is currently in English, but is planned to be extended to include French and German, and perhaps other languages. Since its early editions, UDC has been translated into many other languages and is used in over one. A class is a group of concepts that have at least one thing in common.

This shared property gives the class its identity. A class may be further divided into smaller classes or subclasses , and so on, until no 2. So classification is likely to be hierarchic, with each level of division except the lowest divided into its logical subsets.

Classes may consist of various kinds of concept, such as physical things objects, persons, places, etc. They include scientific and documentary classifications. Scientific classifications arrange the phenomena of the natural world as an aid to systematic study. They include the arrangements in systematic botany and zoology, and the table of chemical elements, and they often form the basis of field guides.

The other kind of classification is designed for information organization and retrieval - in other words, for locating knowledge recorded in various information resources objects, images, sounds, printed or digital documents , hence its name: documentary classification.

The above categories of classification scheme are not mutually exclusive. Scientific classifications may be incorporated into documentary ones, as they have been to some extent in UDC, for example at and though not explicitly parts of 58 and Bibliographic and library classifications may each incorporate some of the other's features, and in practice are not limited to a single application.

UDC, like any documentary classification, is an aspect classification, in which a phenomenon is classed according to the context or discipline in which it is considered so that its various aspects occur at many different places.

For example, 'coal' has no single place in UDC. The petrological aspect is at More peripheral aspects are at still other numbers. Theoretically, general documents covering all of those aspects should be classed at all of those numbers; but in a given collection, with a particular bias, it is often possible to select one number as the main place for a subject. They will often be enumerative - exhaustively. Thus, the compiler has analysed subjects into.

UDC has evolved from a project to develop an enumerative into a faceted classification. UDC is a general classification scheme that is particularly detailed and sophisticated.

It can therefore be used both for information organization in covering all subjects, or most of them, and in document collections which are more specialized but still cover a range of other subjects in less detail.

UDC was designed for bibliographic use, but has proved eminently suitable for library use. Though general, it has been found useful in special collections and services, and a number of specialized selections known as special-subject editions have appeared. A simple list of named classes filed alphabetically would not fulfil the purpose of keeping related items together or separating unrelated ones.

This can be done by using a notation which has an inherent order, such as numerals, alphabetic notation or a mixture alpha-numeric. When such a code is assigned to each class, it expresses and fixes the order of classes that is the filing order , and enables automatic sorting of entries.

Notation with variable length can also express the position in the hierarchy, with each extra character representing a lower level; this is called expressive notation. Arabic numerals, arranged as decimal fractions, are ideal for this purpose and are the basis of the notation in UDC.

Notation is an artificial indexing language, from which many of the ambiguities of natural language have been eliminated. But in UDC there is no such ambiguity; in the context of mineral oil technology,' mineral oil' generally petroleum is at Similarly, 'power' in mechanical engineering the output of an engine is at Other aspects of these subjects may occur elsewhere, but in each case the class number represents a clearly defined concept, not a word or phrase whose meaning may vary according to context.

UDC notation is based on Arabic numerals plus a few other common symbols. The numbers are arranged as decimal fractions, and this determines their filing order. One can think of them as following an imaginary nought and point, which for convenience are omitted for example, 5 stands for 0. So they do not have the same order as integers, in which 6 would precede 59 by a long way; 5 is followed not immediately by 6, but by 50 to Similarly, 59 is followed by all its subdivisions from to before you reach 6; and between and come all the subdivisions of up to After the third digit, there is a point, but it is not a decimal point - merely punctuation for ease of reading.

A long code is easier to read if it is broken into small groups, so a point is added after every third digit; for example, in the UDC database the eleven-digit number becomes As the whole class number is a decimal fraction, including the part before the first point, it is preferable to pronounce it not as an integer but as a series of digits 'six-two-one point three New developments, or increasingly detailed information, can therefore be accommodated in the scheme by the creation of new classes while preserving the stability of the rest.

Such notation is said to be hospitable. NOTE: For filing order in general, see 2. There are two kinds of table: the main and auxiliary tables sometimes called the 'schedules' and 'tables' respectively , and, though the distinction is not hard and fast, they exemplify to some extent the enumerative and analytico-synthetic elements in UDC, and their associated notation see Figure 1.

In Dewey's scheme, the universe was divided into ten classes, each of which was then further divided. In UDC, one class is now vacant, since class 4 was cancelled in to make room for future developments, and its subject, linguistics, was merged into class 8 with literature.

UDC therefore comprises the following top classes: O Generalities. Publications 1 Philosophy. Theology 3 Social sciences. Folklore [4] [Vacant] 5 Mathematics and natural sciences 6 Applied sciences.

Sport 8 Language. Literature 9 Geography. History Thus, each of these broadest classes is denoted by a single-digit Arabic number. Each of the ten theoretical classes, or nine occupied classes, may in turn be divided to form ten narrower classes or subclasses. The subclasses accommodate more restricted concepts, as represented by longer numbers. For example, class 5 is divided into the following subclasses: 50 Generalities about the pure sciences 51 Mathematics 52 Astronomy.

Space research. Geodesy 53 Physics 54 Chemistry. Mineralogy 55 Earth sciences. Geology, meteorology etc. General cytogenetics Evolution etc. Cytology Material bases of life. Biophysics Virology Microbiology Each of these is a logical subdivision of the content of class 5 and 57 respectively, and each is denoted by a number beginning with 5; but each is also a more restrictive class than 5, and has a class number one digit longer.

The main tables, in other words, are divided hierarchically, with the numeric hierarchy reflecting the conceptual hierarchy; the broadest classes are at the highest level, and the narrowest or most restrictive classes are at the lowest level, of the hierarchy. The length of the class numberis. Classes with Iongernumbers, denoting greater specifity or intension are subordinate.

Technology 62 Engineering. Technology in general Mechanical engineering Electrical engineering. Machinery Telecontrol Television engineering A start has been made along a path down the hierarchy, which branches at each successive level: out of the universe of information, a class of concepts has been selected that belong to the applied sciences. The second digit, 2, shows that, of the ten possible subclasses 60 to 69, the one selected is 62, restricting us to engineering.

Each succeeding digit further specifies the preceding concept, and symbolizes a more restrictive class, until the lowest level is reached. The meaning of each digit is determined by its place in the chain 2 means' engineering' only if it follows 6. The full number Not every number is necessarily occupied. Nought tends to be reserved for a special purpose, particularly when following a point, but most arrays occupy fewer than the nine remaining places.

Occasionally they require more than nine places e. The auxiliary tables list concepts which recur throughout several or all subjects, such as time and place, and are therefore applicable in a range of classes. They are added to a class number to express a more precise meaning. Auxiliary notation is of two main kinds: the common and special auxiliaries. The common auxiliaries, as well as providing a means of expressing interrelations between subjects, denote generally recurrent characteristics i.

The special auxiliaries denote locally recurrent characteristics i. There are also linking signs which enable combination or numbers from different parts of the tables. For convenience, these are also presented as tables. A number taken from a single place in the tables and cited on its own - whether a main number or an independent auxiliary - is a simple number, e. A number created by synthesizing, using elements from more.

The common auxiliaries comprise two kinds of symbol: the signs and subdivisions. The common auxiliary signs are the plus, the stroke, the colon, the square brackets and the double colon, which serve as relators, linking UDC numbers either main or auxiliary , but are not themselves numbers, do not represent classes, and cannot be subdivided.

Not many kinds of relation are distinguished: the plus and the stroke represent kinds of aggregation the sum of meanings of several UDC numbers , while the colon serves for most other relations. When UDC numbers are linked by colon, it merely shows that the subjects denoted by the numbers are related to each other in some way; it does not specify which influences the other s , nor show the nature of the influence exerted - in short, it does not denote the phase of the relation.

For example, the compound: Changing the order of the elements in such a compound does not in principle change the meaning: it is stated in Table lb that the relation is reversible, and that A:B and B:A are of equal significance.

In private use, however, the order might be made significant. Recent additions to the UDC vocabulary are the algebraic subgrouping and order-fixing signs Table lb, Sections 2 and 3. These to some extent afford the user a means of clarifying relations between subjects. Such a copious range of qualifiers could hardly be achieved by other means.

It is important to note that two of the tables language and form denote characteristics of the document or information carrier , e. The others denote aspects of the subject, e. One must distinguish between: When a given characteristic of. By this means, they become available to be affixed, theoretically, to every class number in the main tables, so permitting more specific denotation of any concept in the scheme. Removed from their context, they require an extra symbol to identify the characteristic of division a facet indicator ; for example, the digits 1 to 9 have many different meanings, but when they are enclosed in parentheses, this announces that the place facet is to be enumerated.

Similarly, quotation marks announce the time facet, and so on. Some of these symbols serve more than one purpose, and their meaning depends on what immediately follows; for example, an opening parenthesis may be followed by 0, denoting form, by 1 to 9, denoting place, or by the equals sign, denoting race and nationality.

The numeric part of the auxiliary notation is punctuated after every third digit, as with the main tables. The independent auxiliary tables, though they may be affixed to any UDC number where appropriate, may also be used on their own, to form the whole class number for a document.

These are Tables le to lg, the auxiliaries of language, form, place, race and time. For example, if it were decided that the place facet was the only one that needed to be expressed e. The dependent auxiliary tables must always be affixed to a UDC number; these are, officially, Table lk common auxiliaries of general characteristics: properties, processes, materials and persons.

Additionally, Table lh, which specifies means of adding non-UDC notation, is in practice dependent though not described as such , since the asterisk and alphabetic extensions must be added to a UDC number.

These are biterminal signs - that is: signs with both an opening and a closing element. Tables ld, le and 1f have parentheses, while Table lg has quotation marks. Because of their demarcation, auxiliaries with biterminal signs can be affixed to any part of a UDC number, at the beginning, middle or end i. In this edition, special auxiliary numbers are recognizable by side-lining, for example under UDC 53 Physics Visual indication of phenomena The number before the side-lining is a main number, 53 'Physics'.

The auxiliary notation. Special auxiliaries are always listed as suffixes to other numbers, and cannot be used independently.

A common form of presentation is a list immediately under the main number where they are valid. If no other indication is given, they are applicable also to all the direct divisions of that number.

For example, at In a few cases, special auxiliaries have either an extended or a reduced range of applicability. This is always indicated by a note, e. For instance, hyphen auxiliaries under 62 are applicable throughout the range 62 to 69 as indicated in a running footriotej. Also, for example, the The principle is the same: they may be used in the form in which they appear, e. Microfilm or the special auxiliary element beginning with. Periodicals The compound thus formed is still a common auxiliary, which may qualify a main number, e.

A simple example is in 'Anatomy', parts of which are parallel to 'Pathology', where both are subdivided into particular organs. The compiler has opted to give more detail under the pathology of particular organs , but it would not matter which was chosen as the main place: the point is that they are parallel, and to enumerate organs fully in both places would be a waste of space and effort. Instead, there are instructions such as that under The parallel arrays may be represented symmetrically: Sinuses The list of items is the same.

When they are of different lengths, then repunctuation may be necessary. An example of this is The parallelism here is not obvious to the eye, but the principle is the same: the digits that follow We then punctuate after every third digit - hence Here too, the parallel arrays may be represented symmetrically: This should cause no confusion, as in every case where parallel division is authorized, the fact is clearly indicated, often with examples.

Finally, a shorter number files before a longer number, because a number followed by an auxiliary unless it is an aggregation is more specific than the simple number, while in simple hierarchic division each successive digit further specifies the concept, increasing the particularity.

Table 1 shows the filing order of both simple and compound numbers. Table 1. Filing order symbol example. Then one may apply the rule of nothing- before-something, so that the one without brackets files first: Such a compound, where the auxiliary separates the opening element from the closing element of the simple number, files after the opening element alone and the opening element plus suffix.

For example, the compound The exceptions are i that the simple number comes between compounds with the stroke and compounds with the colon, and ii that square brackets have no inherent filing order.

The orderin which the elements are combined to make a compound number is the citation order as each element symbolizes a facet of the subject, the citation order is also known as the facet formula.

In theory, either might be taken as the starting point, but here we have a specified filing order with both tables as a whole, and examples of synthesis given within the tables displayed in this order. So the simplest rule for citing elements in a compound is: the citation order is the reverse of the filing order. This means that the elements in a compound class number proceed from special to general.

The reason would be the need, in particular collections, to bring together or collocate all references to a particular aspect of a subject, which would be separated if the standard order were followed. For example, in the standard citation order, time " If, for a particular purpose, it were necessary to collocate references to mining in-Cornwall, it would be necessary to exchange the positions of the time and place auxiliaries in the citation order.

Then the division would be primarily according to place and secondarily according to time:. If there is no other preference, follow the standard citation order reverse of filing order. In other words, certain auxiliaries may interrupt a main number, creating a compound such as The reason for this would be to create a more helpful arrangement of documents, or references to them, when classed.

It is merely an extreme case of varying the citation order to produce a different sequence. In the example given in 2. Theoretically, it might be brought still further forward, and intercalated into the main number, giving 62 In practice, this is not likely, but there might be a need to group information about a more specific activity, such as mining, in a given area: Mining- Britain Consortium has an Executive Committee and an Advisory Board, both with international membership, and an Editor in Chief.

Its headquarters is at the Royal Library in The Hague. Each member publisher has the right to issue UDC editions in its own language. It is updated once a year according to the authorized amendments, as issued in the annual Extensions and Corrections to the UDC. The MRF in contains 66 entries, currently in English, with versions in French and German planned for the future. It is available for use under licence and users can choose the type of database exports.

This has superseded the Master Version of UDC which was formerly maintained by FID, and which consisted of the text of the French edition of , as modified by all approved amendments since that date.

Other publishers can apply for licences to publish UDC editions. Most published editions are in a single language, and are known as the language editions, there have occasionally also been multilingual editions printed and digital. BSI is the publisher of the English-language editions. This means that later states of knowledge in a subject, and missing concepts previously overlooked, can be considered, and if necessary acted on, without waiting until a new edition is imminent.

An Editor-in-Chief is appointed, who, supported by an editorial board, is charged to maintain the quality of the UDC and enhance its international credibility. Major revision proposals are published in Extensions and Corrections see 3. Once amendments are authorized, they are entered in the database, and are taken into account whenever new editions are undertaken by the publishers. Starting in with a duplicated loose-leaf updating service called Extensions et Corrections Decidees, this developed into a formal periodical, Extensions and Corrections to the UDC, from This was at first semi-annual, and later annual, cumulating in three-year series; the earlier series have been collected into two larger volumes: Cumulated UDC Supplement Cumulated UDC Supplement The so far uncollected series start with Series 9, No.

The text of the entries in Extensions and Corrections used to be in any one of the three FID languages, or in bilingual or trilingual versions. From Series 15 September , the entries are in English. This series has also introduced a new section entitled 'Comments and Communications', including revision proposals.

It is necessary to weigh the. The full editions appear in many sections at different stages of up-to-dateness, but with self-contained versions such as the present one, it is possible to make a decision to use UDC in a given, date,d edition. London: British Standards Institution.

Extensions and corrections to the UDC [annual]. Contains authorised amendments to the scheme. Since , it also includes articles and proposals.

London: Facet Publishing, pp Batley, S. Oxford: Chandos Publishing, pp Foskett, A. London: Library Association, pp Marcella, R.

Aldershot: Gower. Articles Boyd Rayward, W. Boyd Rayward, W. In: Williamson, N. Classification Researchfor Knowledge Representation and Organization. Gilchrist, A. London: As lib. In: International Cataloguing and Bibliographic Control, 23 2 , Mcilwaine, J. In: Knowledge Organization, 22 2 , Mcilwaine, I.

In: Marcella, R. Aldershot: Gower, pp Slavic, A. The summary extends to second-level classes two-digit numbers except for class 62 and a few cases where notational anomalies prevent consistency. Class 62 is summarized to the third level. Numbers enclosed in brackets [thus] denote classes that are currently vacant. Common auxiliary la Coordination.

Extension tables lb Relation. Main tables 0 Generalities. Publications 00 Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture Computer science and technology, Management, Metrology 01 Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues 02 Librarianship [03 Encyclopaedias.

General reference works [04 [05 Serial publications. Periodicals journals, magazines etc. Museums [07 Newspapers. The press 08 Polygraphies. Collective works 09 Manuscripts. Rare and remarkable works. Metaphysics of spiritual life 14 Philosophical systems and points of view. Weltanschauung [15] Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic 17 Moral philosophy. Practical philosophy [18] [19]. Theology 21 Prehistoric and primitive religions 22 Religions of the Far East 23 Religions of the Indian subcontinent 24 Buddhism 25 Religions of antiquity.

Minor cults and religions 26 Judaism 27 Christianity 28 Islam 29 Modern spiritual movements. Folklore 30 Theories, methodology and methods in the social sciences. Sociography 31 Demography. Statistics 32 Politics 33 Economics. Economic science 34 Law. Jurisprudence 35 Public administration. Military affairs 36 Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life Social work.

Social aid. Insurance 37 Education. Leisure [38] 39 Ethnography. Way of life. Mineralogical sciences 55 Earth sciences. Geological sciences. Meteorology etc. Microbiology 58 Botany 59 Zoology. Technology 60 Biotechnology 61 Medical sciences Anatomy. Gynaecology 62 Engineering. Technology in general Materials testing. Commercial materials.

Power stations. Economics of energy Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Machinery Military engineering Civil and structural engineering in general Civil engineering of land transport. Railway engineering. Highway engineering Hydraulic engineering in general Natural waterway, port, harbour and shore engineering. Navigational, dredging, salvage and rescue facilities.

Dams and hydraulic power plant Public health engineering. Illuminating engineering Transport vehicle engineering 63 Agriculture and related sciences and techniques.

Wildlife exploitation. Veterinary science 64 Home economics. Domestic science. Housekeeping Cooking. Cleaning [65] Telecommunication and telecontrol organization, services Graphic industries. Book trade Transport and postal services.

Traffic organization and control Accountancy Business management, administration. Commercial organization See also: Management in general Publicity.

Information work. Public relations 66 Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries Industrial microbiology and mycology. Food 67 Various industries, trades and crafts Timber and woodworking. Leather and fur. Pulp, paper and board. Macromoleculars, rubbers and plastics. Printing technology. The revision is done in the following three ways:. If the users of the UDC want to suggest amendments or extensions to the schedules, they have to suggest the same to a National Body in their respective Countries.

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